[2012世界末日:预言落空,恐慌继续]2012世界末日发生过了

  现在可以确定地说,地球不会在2012年12月消亡。然而,人们对于世界末日的恐慌却不会因此而结束。纵观历史,每隔一段时间就会冒出一些末日论,从外星球撞击地球到冰河世纪,再到僵尸来袭,末日恐慌为何如此生生不息?
  Humanity will survive the supposed December 2012 apocalypse, but, unfortunately, so will irrational doomsday fears, scientists say.
  Doomsayers around the world are gearing up2) for Armageddon3) on Dec. 21, based on predictions supposedly made by the Mayans more than 1,000 years ago. Even after the sun rises on Dec. 22, however, many folks will be only momentarily reassured, quickly latching onto4) another scenario purported5) to bring about the apocalypse within their lifetime.
  The persistence of these worries stems from a variety of factors, researchers say. The deluge6) of misinformation on the Internet, poorly developed or underutilized critical thinking skills and plain old human nature all contribute, convincing many people to fear the worst despite the lack of compelling evidence (and the poor track record of such dire7) predictions over the years).
  “There have been end-of-the-world predictions every few years throughout history, really,” said astronomer David Morrison, head of the Carl Sagan8) Center for the Study of Life in the Universe at the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute in Mountain View, Calif. “We had two or three last year.”
  Morrison spoke at the SETICon 2 conference in Santa Clara, Calif., on June 23 during a panel discussion called “Cosmophobia: Doomsday 2012 and Other Fiction Science.”
  Flood of misinformation
  Though Morrison and other scientists work hard to tamp down9) fears of Comet Elenin10), the mythical planet Nibiru11) and other supposed agents of impending doom, their voices of reason have a hard time being heard these days.
  “We are completely drowned out by the doomsayers on the Internet,” Morrison said. “It’s very hard for the truth to even get a hearing12).”
  It’s especially hard to reach young people, most of whom seem unable to distinguish between reliable and unreliable sources, he added.
  “At the best, they will just count numbers,” Morrison said. “‘Well, there are 83 websites that say the world will end in 2012, and one that says it won’t. So it must be true.’”
  Not all of the misinformation is coming from altruistic13) folks who just want to get the worried word out14), said Andrew Fraknoi, chair of the astronomy department at Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, Calif. Some of it is probably pumped out by people trying to make a buck15).   “Today, it seems like money is much more important than truth, that anything goes,” Fraknoi said. “Fear-mongering16) has become a large and profitable industry.”
  Data from the publishing world appear to back him up: A search for “Doomsday 2012” books on Amazon.com returns nearly 200 titles.
  Human nature
  But not all of the blame can be laid at the Internet’s feet. Doomsday fears have cropped up repeatedly throughout history, and in most cases they weren’t sustained by YouTube videos and “Nibiru” Google searches.
  The Millerites17), for example, believed that Jesus Christ would return to Earth in 1843 or 1844, and that the world as we know it would be destroyed in the process. Another group called the Seekers thought a huge flood would ravage our planet on Dec. 21, 1954. The Seekers’ leader, a Chicago woman named Dorothy Martin18), claimed to have gotten this information from aliens living on the planet Clarion.
  We shouldn’t be too surprised whenever such cults grab the headlines, said Leonard Mlodinow, a Caltech physicist and author of such books as The Drunkard’s Walk: How Randonmness Rules Our Lives and The Grand Design (which he wrote with Stephen Hawking19)).
  “I think it’s a very natural human phenomenon,” Mlodninow said. “People who we consider very rational believe such things all the time.”
  He cited today’s major religions, saying that they would have seemed just as odd and irrational as the doomsday cults if we’d encountered them back in the early days, before they became so well established.
  “I don’t consider those people particularly weird,” Mlodinow said of modern doomsayers. “I just think that they’re early adopters.”
  There’s likely some ego-boosting psychology involved as well, said Seth Shostak, a senior astronomer at the SETI Institute.
  “To some extent, it’s a very empowering thought—that you know something very important that those nerdy, pointy-headed20), tweed21)-jacketed academics down at the local university won’t acknowledge,” Shostak said. “I think you have to look for the answers there.”
  Is education the answer?
  Whatever their causes, doomsday fears are quite prevalent in the United States and abroad.
  For example, a poll commissioned by the news agency Reuters earlier this year found that 15 percent of people worldwide—or roughly one billion folks—believe the apocalypse will come during their lifetime. In the United States, the figure is 22 percent.
  Such worries aren’t just interesting sociological or psychological phenomena, Morrison said. They can have tragic consequences for believers.   “At least once a week, I get a question from a young person—usually 11, 12 years old—who says they are contemplating suicide before the end of the world,” Morrison said. “I know of several cases at least of reported suicides, of people who are obsessed with the end of the world in 2012.”
  The best way to combat irrational doomsday worries—especially among the young—is education, Fraknoi said. We need to teach better critical thinking skills and instill a love of discovery that will inspire kids to seek out the truth—and make them less likely to be gulled22) by fanciful rumors.
  “Ask yourself the question, ‘Why should I believe a word of this?’” Fraknoi said. “If you know how to answer, ‘Why should I believe a word of this?’ then you’re much closer to scientific truth.”
  科学家称,人类将在所谓的“2012年12月世界末日”到来之时幸免于难,然而遗憾的是,荒诞无稽的末日恐慌却将持续下去。
  世界各地的末日论者基于据传是一千多年前玛雅人的预言,正在准备应对12月21日世界末日的来临。但即便12月22日太阳照常升起,很多人也只不过是暂时放下心来,不久之后就会因为又一个声称会在他们有生之年引发世界末日的状况而忧心忡忡。
  研究者称,这些担忧之所以阴魂不散,原因是多方面的。互联网上泛滥的虚假信息、先天不足或未予以充分利用的批判性思维能力,以及再平常不过的人类天性,都与之不无关系。这让许多人有理由害怕世界末日的到来,尽管缺乏强有力的证据(而且多年来此类恐怖预言并无什么成功记录)。
  “实际上,纵观历史,每隔几年都会冒出一些关于世界末日的预言,”加州山景城的SETI (搜寻地外文明)研究所卡尔·萨根宇宙生命研究中心负责人、天文学家大卫·莫里森说,“去年就有两三个。”
  6月23日在加州圣克拉拉召开的第二次SETI会议期间,莫里森在一个以“宇宙恐慌:2012世界末日论及其他虚幻科学”为专题的分组讨论中作了上述发言。
  虚假消息泛滥成灾
  尽管莫里森及其他科学家竭力纾解人们对叶列宁彗星、虚构的尼比鲁行星以及其他据称可能引发世界末日的因素的恐惧,但是对于他们理性的声音,人们如今很难听得进去。
  “我们的声音被互联网上的末日论调彻底淹没了,”莫里森说,“我们甚至很难找到揭示真相的机会。”
  他又补充道,年轻人尤其听不进去,他们大多数人似乎对消息来源的可靠与否缺乏辨别力。
  “他们充其量只会通过数字来判断真假,”莫里森说,“‘有83个网站说世界末日会在2012年来临,有一个网站说不会,看来世界末日真的会到来。’”
  加州洛斯阿尔托斯希尔斯山麓学院天文学系主任安德鲁·弗拉克诺伊说,在传递虚假信息的人中,并非所有人都是怀着利他之心表达自己的担忧,有些人可能是为了敛财才散布这些消息的。
  “现如今,金钱似乎比真相重要得多,(只要能挣钱)怎么说都行,”弗拉克诺伊说,“制造恐慌已经成为有利可图的一大产业。”
  来自出版业的有关数据似乎也证明他所言非虚:在亚马逊网站搜索“2012世界末日”之类的书籍,可以找出近两百部。
  人类本性作祟
  不过,我们也不能一味地怪罪互联网。纵观历史,末日恐慌一再出现,而且在大多数情况下,人们之所以惶惶不可终日,并不是因为看了YouTube视频和在谷歌中搜索“尼比鲁”的缘故。
  比如,“米勒派”相信耶稣基督在1843或1844年会重返地球,届时我们所知的这个世界会遭到毁灭。另一个名为“探寻者”的组织则认为1954年12月21日会有一场特大洪水吞噬我们的星球。“探寻者”负责人是一名来自芝加哥的女性,名叫多萝西·马丁。她声称自己是从生活在克拉里昂行星上的外星人那里得到这一讯息的。
  这类狂热的末日论无论何时抢占新闻头条,我们都不应太过惊讶,加州理工学院物理学家莱昂纳德·姆罗迪诺如此说道。他是《醉汉的脚步:随机性如何主宰我们的生活》和《大设计》(与斯蒂芬·霍金合著)这两本书的作者。
  “我认为这是一种很自然的人类现象。”姆罗迪诺说,“在我们看来很理性的人也总是对这类事情深信不疑。”
  他列举了当今的主要宗教流派,说如果我们了解这些宗教在立足未稳的初期时的样子,也会认为它们和末日论一样荒诞离奇。
  “我不认为那些人有什么特别怪异之处。我觉得他们只不过接受末日论比较早而已。” 提及现代的末日论者时,姆罗迪诺如此说道。
  SETI研究所资深天文学家赛思·肖斯塔克表示,这样的观点中可能包含了一些自我激励的心理。
  “在某种程度上,这是一种非常‘给力’的想法:你知道某些很重要的事,但是当地大学里那些读死书、尖脑袋、身穿花呢夹克的学究们却不会承认,”肖斯塔克说,“我觉得你得从这里找答案。”
  教育能解决问题?
  无论因何而起,世界末日的恐慌在美国和其他国家都相当普遍。   譬如,路透新闻社今年早些时候开展的一项民意调查发现,全世界有15%的人——约有十亿人——相信世界末日会在其有生之年来临。在美国,这一数字为22%。
  莫里森说,这样的担忧并不仅仅是有趣的社会学或心理学现象。它们可能会为笃信者带来悲剧性的后果。
  “每周我都能接到至少一位年轻人——通常十一二岁——提出的问题,说他们打算在世界末日到来之前自我了断,”莫里森说,“据我所知,至少有几起自杀事件的报道,当事人都是因为无法摆脱2012年世界末日的困扰。”
  弗拉克诺伊说,要消除非理性的末日忧虑,最好的办法是教育,对年轻人来说尤其如此。我们必须强化批判性思维能力的培养,让孩子们爱上探索,以激励他们去发现真相,让他们不那么容易被那些稀奇古怪的谣言蒙骗。
  “你要问自己:‘我为什么要相信这个传闻?’”弗拉克诺伊说,“如果你知道怎样回答这个问题,你离科学真相就更近了一步。”
  1. apocalypse [??p?k??l?ps] n. 世界的毁灭,世界末日
  2. gear up:准备好;安排好
  3. Armageddon [?ɑ?(r)m??ɡed(?)n] n. (基督教《圣经》中所说的)世界末日的善恶大决战
  4. latch onto:抓住,缠住不放
  5. purport [p?(r)?p??(r)t] vt. 声称,宣称
  6. deluge [?delju?d?] n. 泛滥
  7. dire [?da??(r)] adj. 预示灾难的,不详的
  8. Carl Sagan:卡尔·萨根 (1934~1996),美国天文学家、科普作家、科幻小说作家
  9. tamp down:强行压下,压制
  10. Comet Elenin:叶列宁彗星,2011年10月16日它以3500万公里的距离与地球“擦肩而过”。此前有人认为它会撞击地球,引发灾难。
  11. Nibiru:尼比鲁,又称“X星球(Planet X)”,是在苏美尔人的历史遗迹中发现的一颗假想行星。谣言称它将在2012年左右引起地球毁灭,科幻作品中也纷纷使用尼比鲁作为“灾难之星”。
  12. get a hearing:获得申辩(或发言)的机会
  13. altruistic [??ltru??st?k] adj. 利他主义的,无私的
  14. get sth. out:说出
  15. make a buck:赚钱
  16. mongering [?m??ɡ?r??] n. 兜售;散布;制造
  17. Millerites:米勒派信徒,指威廉·米勒(William Miller, 1782~1849)的追随者。米勒是美国纽约州农民,从1831年起开始传道,根据《圣经》的某些章节推算出世界将于1843年3月21日至1844年3月21日之间的某个时间毁灭。
  18. Dorothy Martin:多萝西·马丁(1900~1992),芝加哥的一位家庭主妇,她宣称自己跟虚构的Clarion行星上的人取得了联系。这些外星人告诉她,地球将在1954年12月21日毁于洪水,忠实的信徒们在那天午夜可以搭乘飞碟获得拯救。
  19. Stephen Hawking:斯蒂芬·霍金(1942~),英国著名物理学家,被誉为继爱因斯坦之后最杰出的理论物理学家。
  20. pointy-headed:尖脑袋(指知识分子)的
  21. tweed [twi?d] n. (粗)花呢
  22. gull [ɡ?l] vt. 欺骗,愚弄

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