【摘 要】 高中英语教材外研版中出现的表示“除了……”的介词或介词短语，其用法复杂多变，难以掌握，大多数学生分辨不清，文章将其用法和注意事项作一归纳和辨析。【关 键 词】 英语；高中；用法高中英语教材外研版中出现的表示“除了……”的介词或介词短语，其用法复杂多变，难以掌握，大多数学生分辨不清，这里将其用法和注意事项作一归纳和辨析。1. besides和exceptbesides指“在整体中加入一部分”，其引出比前面更加有力的论据，通常表示递加的概念，含义是肯定的。意指“除了……之外，还有……”如同with或plus（加）①Besides half a bottle of whisky，he drank three gins and some beer. ②（2007全国Ⅱ，16）Some people choose jobs for other reasons besides money these days.except则表示一种排除关系，意指“除了……之外，不再有……”。except=without或minus（减），其后跟名词、代词、介词短语或从句。①I get up early every day except Sunday.（星期天不包括在内）比较这两个句子：We all went except him.（他没有去）We all went besides him.（他也去了）②We know little about the man except that he is an American.③He never comes to see me except when it rains.注意：besides用在含有否定意义的句中时，意思相当于except，besides与except可换用，例如：No one write to me besides you.She posted me nothing besides（或except）a card.2. except和except forexcept指“从所指的人或事物中除去（除去的和非除去的是同类事物），即从整体中除去一部分”，通常表示递减的概念，含义是否定的。except for 表示对整体主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定，说明整个基本情况后，又在细节上对主要意思作些修正，强调整体与局部的关系。前后内容不是同类，且从语气上常表示遗憾。其后一般接名词或动名词。①I like all drinks except whisky.（I don’t like whisky.）②（2008浙江，17）Everything was perfect for the picnic except for the weather.③Your composition is quite excellent except for some spelling mistakes.some spelling mistakes（除去的）和your composition（非除去的）是不同类的事物。又如：He is a good man except for hot temper.注意：①当except用于句首时，后面往往要加上for。如：Except for this，everything is in good order.相当于Everything is in good order except this.②except for后接名词/代词，可以转化为except+从句或其他介词短语。Eg. The climate here is good except for some rainy days.（except when it rains；except that it sometimes rains；except on the rainy days.）3. but表示“除了...”的意思。它与except同义，都表示递减的概念，二者在多数情况下可以互换，但用法稍有区别。如果句中有no，no one，none，nobody，nothing，all，anyone，anybody，anything，every，everyone，everybody，everything，who，that，where等否定词、不定代词或疑问词时，多用but；如果句子后面跟宾语从句时，多用except。如①（选修8，Module 1）...so don’t take any souvenirs home with you，and be careful to leave nothing but footprints. ②I had nothing in the world but a million-pound note. ③He no longer went out，except when Jane forced him.but位置的变化会引起人称代词主格，宾格的变化。如：①No one but I （=except me）knows it.②No one knows it but me.（=except me）but不接动名词而接不定式，有“do”时去掉符号“to”，比较下面两个句子：I can do nothing but wait.I had no choice but to wait.but for=without 含义有时与except for相同，但主要表示“要不是……”“如果没有……”，常用于虚拟语气，意思上相当于一个虚拟条件句，表示一种假设。例如： ①But for your help（If you hadn’t helped me），we couldn’t have carried out the plan.②But for the atmosphere plants would die.4. apart from表示besides，也可以表示except或except for，还可以表示without的意思。后接名词，代词或动名词。如：①（选修7，Module 6）Apart from providing warmth，what was fire used for？②（2011，福建，22）Apart from good service，the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.③Apart from the cost，it will take a lot of time.（=besides）④The orphan had no one to take care of him apart from his uncle.（=except）⑤The article is good apart from a few spelling mistakes.（=except for）⑥There can be no knowledge apart from practice.（=without）5. in addition兼有besides和as well（as）两种含义，常用作副词；in addition to 相当于as well as，besides，apart from，常用作介词，但要注意 as well as 表示“除...之外”不那么正式。如：①（选修6，Module1）In addition，you need to know how long you should stay，and when you have to leave. ②（选修8，Module6）For children，it is a good way to explore language and have fun with words as well as to express themselves.请看下面一道练习题：___English，I have to study a second foreign language.A. In addition that B. In additionC. In addition to D. Except解析：题中In addition to 相当于besides，表示“除了英语...还得...”，而except表示“不包括英语”；in addition为副词短语，作状语。故正确答案为C。6. other than=except，but，apart from都表示从总体中除去一部分，后接名词，代词或不定式。如：①（选修8，Module5）...which is believed to be the only body in the solar system other than the Earth with liquid on the surface. ②（2011，全国1，30）The form cannot be signed by anyone other than yourself. ③He never speaks to me other than to ask for something. ④English is now spoken in many countries other than England.（other than=besides） ⑤You can’t get there other than by swimming.（other than=in any other way than）注意：下列句子中不宜用except代替other than.（1）Your failure was due to nothing other than your own carelessness.（2）He has no close friend other than me.He never comes to see me other than.【参考文献】[1] 朱建卫. 新课程视野下的高中英语语法教学[J]. 基础教育外语教学研究，2005（8）.[2] 赵万长. 认知法及其在英语语法教学中的应用[J]. 四川外语学院学报，2001（2）.